diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/artstation.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/artstation.py
index 24197ad9..f7b3bc1d 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/artstation.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/artstation.py
@@ -79,9 +79,7 @@ class ArtstationExtractor(Extractor):
     def get_user_info(self, username):
         """Return metadata for a specific user"""
         url = "{}/users/{}/quick.json".format(self.root, username.lower())
-        response = self.request(url, expect=(404,))
-        if response.status_code == 404:
-            raise exception.NotFoundError("user")
+        response = self.request(url, notfound="user")
         return response.json()
 
     def _pagination(self, url, params=None):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/common.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/common.py
index e883d33a..be4316b8 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/common.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/common.py
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ class Extractor():
         return config.interpolate(
             ("extractor", self.category, self.subcategory, key), default)
 
-    def request(self, url, method="GET", *, session=None,
-                encoding=None, expect=(), retries=None, **kwargs):
+    def request(self, url, method="GET", *, session=None, retries=None,
+                encoding=None, fatal=True, notfound=None, **kwargs):
         tries = 1
         retries = self._retries if retries is None else retries
         session = self.session if session is None else session
@@ -86,10 +86,13 @@ class Extractor():
                 raise exception.HttpError(exc)
             else:
                 code = response.status_code
-                if 200 <= code < 400 or code in expect:
+                if 200 <= code < 400 or not fatal and \
+                        (400 <= code < 429 or 431 <= code < 500):
                     if encoding:
                         response.encoding = encoding
                     return response
+                if notfound and code == 404:
+                    raise exception.NotFoundError(notfound)
                 if cloudflare.is_challenge(response):
                     self.log.info("Solving Cloudflare challenge")
                     url, domain, cookies = cloudflare.solve_challenge(
@@ -98,7 +101,7 @@ class Extractor():
                     continue
 
                 msg = "{}: {} for url: {}".format(code, response.reason, url)
-                if code < 500 and code != 429:
+                if code < 500 and code != 429 and code != 430:
                     break
 
             self.log.debug("%s (%s/%s)", msg, tries, retries+1)
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/deviantart.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/deviantart.py
index ebab0400..8e53cae6 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/deviantart.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/deviantart.py
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ class DeviantartDeviationExtractor(DeviantartExtractor):
 
     def deviations(self):
         url = "{}/{}/{}".format(self.root, self.user, self.path)
-        response = self._html_request(url, expect=range(400, 500))
+        response = self._html_request(url, fatal=False)
         deviation_id = text.extract(response.text, '//deviation/', '"')[0]
         if response.status_code >= 400 or not deviation_id:
             raise exception.NotFoundError("image")
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ class DeviantartAPI():
     def user_profile(self, username):
         """Get user profile information"""
         endpoint = "user/profile/" + username
-        return self._call(endpoint, expect_error=True)
+        return self._call(endpoint, fatal=False)
 
     def authenticate(self, refresh_token):
         """Authenticate the application by requesting an access token"""
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ class DeviantartAPI():
             _refresh_token_cache.update(refresh_token, data["refresh_token"])
         return "Bearer " + data["access_token"]
 
-    def _call(self, endpoint, params=None, expect_error=False, public=True):
+    def _call(self, endpoint, params=None, fatal=True, public=True):
         """Call an API endpoint"""
         url = "https://www.deviantart.com/api/v1/oauth2/" + endpoint
         while True:
@@ -806,11 +806,7 @@ class DeviantartAPI():
 
             self.authenticate(None if public else self.refresh_token)
             response = self.extractor.request(
-                url,
-                params=params,
-                headers=self.headers,
-                expect=range(400, 500),
-            )
+                url, headers=self.headers, params=params, fatal=False)
             data = response.json()
             status = response.status_code
 
@@ -818,7 +814,7 @@ class DeviantartAPI():
                 if self.delay > self.delay_min:
                     self.delay -= 1
                 return data
-            if expect_error:
+            if not fatal:
                 return None
             if data.get("error_description") == "User not found.":
                 raise exception.NotFoundError("user or group")
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/exhentai.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/exhentai.py
index d67c58a6..20e07463 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/exhentai.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/exhentai.py
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class ExhentaiGalleryExtractor(ExhentaiExtractor):
     def _gallery_page(self):
         url = "{}/g/{}/{}/".format(
             self.root, self.gallery_id, self.gallery_token)
-        response = self.request(url, expect=range(400, 500))
+        response = self.request(url, fatal=False)
         page = response.text
 
         if response.status_code == 404 and "Gallery Not Available" in page:
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ class ExhentaiGalleryExtractor(ExhentaiExtractor):
     def _image_page(self):
         url = "{}/s/{}/{}-{}".format(
             self.root, self.image_token, self.gallery_id, self.image_num)
-        page = self.request(url, expect=range(400, 500)).text
+        page = self.request(url, fatal=False).text
 
         if page.startswith(("Invalid page", "Keep trying")):
             raise exception.NotFoundError("image page")
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/imgur.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/imgur.py
index 0468c0b2..c5e3d176 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/imgur.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/imgur.py
@@ -16,16 +16,15 @@ import json
 class ImgurExtractor(Extractor):
     """Base class for imgur extractors"""
     category = "imgur"
+    root = "https://imgur.com"
 
     def __init__(self, match):
         Extractor.__init__(self, match)
         self.item_id = match.group(1)
         self.mp4 = self.config("mp4", True)
 
-    def _get_data(self, urlpart):
-        response = self.request("https://imgur.com/" + urlpart, expect=(404,))
-        if response.status_code == 404:
-            raise exception.NotFoundError(self.subcategory)
+    def _get_data(self, path):
+        response = self.request(self.root + path, notfound=self.subcategory)
         data = text.extract(response.text, "image               : ", ",\n")[0]
         return self._clean(json.loads(data))
 
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ class ImgurImageExtractor(ImgurExtractor):
     )
 
     def items(self):
-        image = self._get_data(self.item_id)
+        image = self._get_data("/" + self.item_id)
         url = self._prepare(image)
 
         yield Message.Version, 1
@@ -165,13 +164,13 @@ class ImgurAlbumExtractor(ImgurExtractor):
     )
 
     def items(self):
-        album = self._get_data("a/" + self.item_id + "/all")
+        album = self._get_data("/a/" + self.item_id + "/all")
         images = album["album_images"]["images"]
         del album["album_images"]
 
         if int(album["num_images"]) > len(images):
-            url = ("https://imgur.com/ajaxalbums/getimages/" +
-                   self.item_id + "/hit.json")
+            url = "{}/ajaxalbums/getimages/{}/hit.json".format(
+                self.root, self.item_id)
             images = self.request(url).json()["data"]["images"]
 
         yield Message.Version, 1
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/nijie.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/nijie.py
index b982baea..08c6c174 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/nijie.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/nijie.py
@@ -106,13 +106,8 @@ class NijieExtractor(AsynchronousMixin, Extractor):
         params = {"id": self.user_id, "p": 1}
 
         while True:
-            response = self.request(url, params=params, expect=(404,))
-            if response.status_code == 404:
-                raise exception.NotFoundError("artist")
-
-            page = response.text
-            ids = list(text.extract_iter(page, ' illust_id="', '"'))
-            yield from ids
+            page = self.request(url, params=params, notfound="artist").text
+            yield from text.extract_iter(page, 'illust_id="', '"')
 
             if '<a rel="next"' not in page:
                 return
@@ -190,10 +185,8 @@ class NijieImageExtractor(NijieExtractor):
         self.page = ""
 
     def get_job_metadata(self):
-        response = self.request(self.view_url + self.image_id, expect=(404,))
-        if response.status_code == 404:
-            raise exception.NotFoundError("image")
-        self.page = response.text
+        self.page = self.request(
+            self.view_url + self.image_id, notfound="image").text
         self.user_id = text.extract(
             self.page, '"sameAs": "https://nijie.info/members.php?id=', '"')[0]
         return NijieExtractor.get_job_metadata(self)
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/pinterest.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/pinterest.py
index fa8cd48d..f5b88690 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/pinterest.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/pinterest.py
@@ -228,14 +228,14 @@ class PinterestAPI():
         params = {"data": json.dumps({"options": options}), "source_url": ""}
 
         response = self.extractor.request(
-            url, params=params, headers=self.HEADERS, expect=range(400, 500))
+            url, params=params, headers=self.HEADERS, fatal=False)
 
         try:
             data = response.json()
         except ValueError:
             data = {}
 
-        if 200 <= response.status_code < 400 and not response.history:
+        if response.status_code < 400 and not response.history:
             return data
 
         if response.status_code == 404 or response.history:
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/pixiv.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/pixiv.py
index af29c4b5..76d4dc48 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/pixiv.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/pixiv.py
@@ -143,9 +143,7 @@ class PixivMeExtractor(PixivExtractor):
     def items(self):
         url = "https://pixiv.me/" + self.account
         response = self.request(
-            url, method="HEAD", allow_redirects=False, expect=(404,))
-        if response.status_code == 404:
-            raise exception.NotFoundError("user")
+            url, method="HEAD", allow_redirects=False, notfound="user")
         yield Message.Version, 1
         yield Message.Queue, response.headers["Location"], {}
 
@@ -445,7 +443,7 @@ class PixivAppAPI():
             data["password"] = password
 
         response = self.extractor.request(
-            url, method="POST", data=data, expect=(400,))
+            url, method="POST", data=data, fatal=False)
         if response.status_code >= 400:
             raise exception.AuthenticationError()
 
@@ -491,10 +489,9 @@ class PixivAppAPI():
         url = "https://app-api.pixiv.net/" + endpoint
 
         self.login()
-        response = self.extractor.request(
-            url, params=params, expect=range(400, 500))
+        response = self.extractor.request(url, params=params, fatal=False)
 
-        if 200 <= response.status_code < 400:
+        if response.status_code < 400:
             return response.json()
         if response.status_code == 404:
             raise exception.NotFoundError()
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/reddit.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/reddit.py
index 0c5a9245..f27ad2e7 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/reddit.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/reddit.py
@@ -235,8 +235,7 @@ class RedditAPI():
         url = "https://oauth.reddit.com" + endpoint
         params["raw_json"] = 1
         self.authenticate()
-        response = self.extractor.request(
-            url, params=params, expect=range(400, 500))
+        response = self.extractor.request(url, params=params, fatal=False)
         remaining = response.headers.get("x-ratelimit-remaining")
         if remaining and float(remaining) < 2:
             wait = int(response.headers["x-ratelimit-reset"])
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/sankakucomplex.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/sankakucomplex.py
index 22b2b634..55eda9fd 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/sankakucomplex.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/sankakucomplex.py
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ class SankakucomplexTagExtractor(SankakucomplexExtractor):
         yield Message.Version, 1
         while True:
             url = "{}/{}/page/{}/".format(self.root, self.path, pnum)
-            response = self.request(url, expect=(404,))
-            if response.status_code == 404:
+            response = self.request(url, fatal=False)
+            if response.status_code >= 400:
                 return
             for url in text.extract_iter(response.text, 'data-direct="', '"'):
                 if url != last:
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/seiga.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/seiga.py
index f63c9997..0d92573e 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/seiga.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/seiga.py
@@ -43,9 +43,7 @@ class SeigaExtractor(Extractor):
         """Get url for an image with id 'image_id'"""
         url = "{}/image/source/{}".format(self.root, image_id)
         response = self.request(
-            url, method="HEAD", allow_redirects=False, expect=(404,))
-        if response.status_code == 404:
-            raise exception.NotFoundError("image")
+            url, method="HEAD", allow_redirects=False, notfound="image")
         return response.headers["Location"].replace("/o/", "/priv/", 1)
 
     def login(self):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/sexcom.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/sexcom.py
index 9eb926cb..afd4eaa2 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/sexcom.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/sexcom.py
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ class SexcomExtractor(Extractor):
                 return
             url = text.urljoin(self.root, url)
 
-    def _parse_pin(self, url, expect=range(400, 429)):
-        response = self.request(url, expect=expect)
+    def _parse_pin(self, url):
+        response = self.request(url, fatal=False)
         if response.status_code >= 400:
-            self.log.warning("Unable to fetch %s (%s: %s)",
+            self.log.warning('Unable to fetch %s ("%s: %s")',
                              url, response.status_code, response.reason)
             return None
         extr = text.extract_from(response.text)
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/shopify.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/shopify.py
index aef01a5a..5925319e 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/shopify.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/shopify.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 
 from .common import Extractor, Message, SharedConfigMixin, generate_extractors
 from .. import text
-import time
 import re
 
 
@@ -24,19 +23,9 @@ class ShopifyExtractor(SharedConfigMixin, Extractor):
         Extractor.__init__(self, match)
         self.item_url = self.root + match.group(1)
 
-    def request(self, url, method="GET", expect=range(400, 500), **kwargs):
-        tries = 0
-        kwargs["expect"] = expect
-        while True:
-            response = Extractor.request(self, url, method, **kwargs)
-            if response.status_code not in (429, 430):
-                return response
-            tries += 1
-            waittime = 2 ** (tries + 2)
-            self.log.warning(
-                "HTTP status %s: %s - Waiting for %d seconds",
-                response.status_code, response.reason, waittime)
-            time.sleep(waittime)
+    def request(self, url, **kwargs):
+        kwargs["retries"] = float("inf")
+        return Extractor.request(self, url, **kwargs)
 
     def items(self):
         data = self.metadata()
@@ -45,9 +34,10 @@ class ShopifyExtractor(SharedConfigMixin, Extractor):
 
         headers = {"X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest"}
         for url in self.products():
-            response = self.request(url + ".json", headers=headers)
+            response = self.request(
+                url + ".json", headers=headers, fatal=False)
             if response.status_code >= 400:
-                self.log.warning('Skipping %s ("%d: %s")',
+                self.log.warning('Skipping %s ("%s: %s")',
                                  url, response.status_code, response.reason)
                 continue
             product = response.json()["product"]
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/tsumino.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/tsumino.py
index 62a91732..03ee1443 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/tsumino.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/tsumino.py
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ class TsuminoGalleryExtractor(TsuminoBase, GalleryExtractor):
     def images(self, page):
         url = "{}/Read/Load/?q={}".format(self.root, self.gallery_id)
         headers = {"Referer": self.chapter_url}
-        response = self.request(url, headers=headers, expect=(404,))
+        response = self.request(url, headers=headers, fatal=False)
 
-        if response.status_code == 404:
+        if response.status_code >= 400:
             url = "{}/Read/View/{}".format(self.root, self.gallery_id)
             self.log.error(
                 "Failed to get gallery JSON data. Visit '%s' in a browser "
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/xvideos.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/xvideos.py
index 7eec18b7..e7075c54 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/xvideos.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/xvideos.py
@@ -18,12 +18,6 @@ class XvideosExtractor(Extractor):
     category = "xvideos"
     root = "https://www.xvideos.com"
 
-    def get_page(self, url, codes=(403, 404)):
-        response = self.request(url, expect=codes)
-        if response.status_code in codes:
-            raise exception.NotFoundError(self.subcategory)
-        return response.text
-
 
 class XvideosGalleryExtractor(XvideosExtractor):
     """Extractor for user profile galleries from xvideos.com"""
@@ -50,7 +44,7 @@ class XvideosGalleryExtractor(XvideosExtractor):
 
     def items(self):
         url = "{}/profiles/{}/photos/{}".format(self.root, self.user, self.gid)
-        page = self.get_page(url)
+        page = self.request(url, notfound=self.subcategory).text
         data = self.get_metadata(page)
         imgs = self.get_images(page)
         data["count"] = len(imgs)
@@ -113,7 +107,7 @@ class XvideosUserExtractor(XvideosExtractor):
 
     def items(self):
         url = "{}/profiles/{}".format(self.root, self.user)
-        page = self.get_page(url)
+        page = self.request(url, notfound=self.subcategory).text
         data = json.loads(text.extract(
             page, "xv.conf=", ";</script>")[0])["data"]
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/oauth.py b/gallery_dl/oauth.py
index 58126aca..8a12755e 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/oauth.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/oauth.py
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class OAuth1API():
             self.session = extractor.session
             self.api_key = api_key
 
-    def request(self, url, method="GET", *, expect=range(400, 500), **kwargs):
-        kwargs["expect"] = expect
+    def request(self, url, method="GET", **kwargs):
+        kwargs["fatal"] = False
         kwargs["session"] = self.session
         return self.extractor.request(url, method, **kwargs)